The Hindu : International : Sentiment on the computer screen: saying it with ‘emoticons’

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Wednesday, Sep 19, 2007
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International

Sentiment on the computer screen: saying it with ‘emoticons’

Carnegie Mellon University, from where it spread, celebrates 25th anniversary of the ‘smiley face’ today

For sentiments that would be difficult to convey
Have become integral to personal exchanges

PITTSBURGH: It was a serious contribution to the electronic lexicon.

:-)

Twenty-five years ago, Carnegie Mellon University Professor Scott E. Fahlman says, he was the first to use three keystrokes — a colon followed by a hyphen and a parenthesis — as a horizontal “smiley face” in a computer message.

To mark the anniversary on Wednesday, Professor Fahlman and colleagues are starting a student contest for innovation in technology-assisted, person-to-person communication. The Smiley Award, sponsored by Yahoo, carries a $500 cash prize.

Language experts say the smiley face and other emotional icons, known as emoticons, have given people a concise way in e-mail and other electronic messages of expressing sentiments that otherwise would be difficult to convey.

Professor Fahlman posted the emoticon in a message to an online electronic bulletin board at 11-44 a.m. on September 19, 1982, during a discussion about the limits of online humour and how to denote comments meant to be taken lightly.

“I propose the following character sequence for joke markers: :-),” he wrote. “Read it sideways.”

The suggestion gave computer users a way to convey humour or positive feelings with a smile — or the opposite sentiments by reversing the parenthesis to form a frown.

Carnegie Mellon said Professor Fahlman’s smileys spread from its campus to other universities, then businesses and eventually around the world as the Internet gained popularity.

“I’ve never seen any hard evidence that the :-) sequence was in use before my original post, and I’ve never run into anyone who actually claims to have invented it before I did,” Professor Fahlman wrote on the university’s Web page dedicated to the smiley face. “But it’s always possible that someone else had the same idea — it’s a simple and obvious idea, after all.”

Variations, such as the “wink” that uses a semicolon, emerged later. And today people can hardly imagine using computer chat programs that do not translate keystrokes into colourful graphics, said Ryan Stansifer, a computer science Professor at the Florida Institute of Technology. “Now we have so much power, we don’t settle for a colon-dash-paren,” he said. “You want the smiley face, so all these chatting softwares have to have them.”

“It has been fascinating to watch this phenomenon grow from a little message I tossed off in 10 minutes to something that has spread all around the world,” Professor Fahlman was quoted as saying in a university statement. “I sometimes wonder how many millions of people have typed these characters, and how many have turned their heads to one side to view a smiley, in the 25 years since this all started.”

Amy Weinberg, a University of Maryland linguist and computer scientist, said emoticons such as the smiley were “definitely creeping into the way, both in business and academia, people communicate.” She added: “In terms of things that language processing does, you have to take them into account. If you’re doing almost anything... and you have a sentence that says ‘I love my boss’ and then there’s a smiley face, you better not take that seriously.”

Emoticons reflect the likely original purpose of language — to enable people to express emotion, said Clifford Nass, a Professor of communications at Stanford University. The emotion behind a written sentence may be hard to discern because emotion is often conveyed through tone of voice, he said.

“What emoticons do is essentially provide a mechanism to transmit emotion when you don’t have the voice,” he said. In some ways they give people “the ability not to think as hard about the words they’re using.” — AP

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