Effect of drought on small ruminants
SHEEP AND goat are adaptable to varied climatic conditions and are governed by breed characteristics.
They require high metabolic energy to adapt themselves to excess of heat and low levels of water resources.
The energy they derive through grazing in hot climatic conditions is utilised for maintaining required metabolic functions and the balance is insufficient to sustain productivity.
The suboptimal availability of nutrients can contribute to protein energy malnutrition and other deficiencies.
High temperature can reduce their appetite and limit the nutrient availability. Length of lactation is reduced and incidence of pregnancy toxemia is increased.
Deficiencies of copper, cobalt, selenium, vitamin E and iodine can occur, affecting the reproductive performance. A significant increase in internal parasites is also noticed.
Hot dry weather causes heat stroke. Wool, hair and lack of sweating increase the intensity of heat stroke.
Depression of immunity and intermingling with migrated flock increase the risk of contagious diseases.
Grazing on short and stumpy grass increases sand ingestion causing gastro intestinal problems. Concentration of flocks in the areas of water and feed availability increases the risk of diseases.
Young stock below six months, suffers from parasitic infestations and respiratory infections. Incidence of blindness and nervous symptoms may be increased due to vitamin deficiency.
Reproductive performance may decline due to anoestrus and reduced sperm count. Early abortions can increase, leading to loss of lamb crops.
Corrective measures
Adequate nutritional management giving due emphasis to protein-energy balance and micronutrients can enhance the internal reserves and provide the resistance to sustain drought conditions. Disproportionately high flock size in relation to available resources should be avoided.
It is essential to improve the available grazing lands by cultivating nutritious fodder crops. To protect the animals from excessive heat and hot winds, the roofs should be covered by thatched roofing or gunny that should be frequently moistened.
Over crowding should be avoided. Cement water troughs can be made accessible with supply of clean water.
Regular de-worming and administration of vitamin and minerals are essential to improve the innate immunity for most of the general infections. Vaccination schedule should be strictly followed.
K.V. Ramakrishna
Veterinary Assistant Surgeon
Animal Health Centre
Eluru, W.Godavari (AP)
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